wp_get_users_with_no_role()

wp_get_users_with_no_role( int|null $site_id = null ): string[]

function wp_get_users_with_no_role( $site_id = null ) {
	global $wpdb;

	if ( ! $site_id ) {
		$site_id = get_current_blog_id();
	}

	$prefix = $wpdb->get_blog_prefix( $site_id );

	if ( is_multisite() && get_current_blog_id() !== $site_id ) {
		switch_to_blog( $site_id );
		$role_names = wp_roles()->get_names();
		restore_current_blog();
	} else {
		$role_names = wp_roles()->get_names();
	}

	$regex = implode( '|', array_keys( $role_names ) );
	$regex = preg_replace( '/[^a-zA-Z_\|-]/', '', $regex );
	$users = $wpdb->get_col(
		$wpdb->prepare(
			"SELECT user_id
			FROM $wpdb->usermeta
			WHERE meta_key = '{$prefix}capabilities'
			AND meta_value NOT REGEXP %s",
			$regex
		)
	);

	return $users;
}